Retrospective analysis of the clinical behavior of oral hairy leukoplakia in 215 HIV-seropositive patients

Abstract Oral manifestations are common findings in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and frequently influence the overall health. Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is strongly associated with HIV infection demonstrating its relationship with the individual's immune status and progression of immunosuppression. This study aims to retrospectively evaluate OHL in HIV patients, analyzing its incidence, demographic aspects and possible changes in clinical and epidemiological profile of the disease over 17 years. The records of 1600 HIV-infected patients were reviewed. The data were correlated and analyzed, considering HIV exposure category, age, gender, harmful habits, CD4 level, use and type of antiretroviral. OHL was observed in 215 (13.4%) patients. Most were men in the fourth decade of life, 171 (79.5%) and 112 (52,1%) respectively, but an increase in the incidence of OHL among female patients and those in the fifth decade of life was observed. Tobacco smoking was the most frequent harmful habit reported by 114 (68%) patients. OHL occurred mostly in patients with CD4 counts between 200 and 500 cells/mm3 35 (55.5%). The lower incidence of OHL was found among patients using at least one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). OHL is related to CD4 count, use of ARVT and tobacco smoking and is also more prevalent in men in the fourth decade of life. These characteristics were recognized in absolute values, but when verifying the behavior over the years we noticed that the incidence of OHL is decreasing and its epidemiological characteristics changing.

Epidemiological and oral manifestations of HIV-positive patients in a specialized service in Brazil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-positive patients attending the Specialized Service for Infectious-contagious Diseases and Parasitoses of the Health Secretariat of the State of Pará (URE-DIPE/SESPA), in the city of Belém, PA, Brazil. A total of 79 HIV-positive patients (53 males and 26 females) were examined. Clinical and epidemiological evaluations were done by correlating the lesions with gender, race, chronological age, risk behavior and prevailing immune status (CD4+ cells count). Lesion location and the presence of associated factors, such as alcohol use, smoking and denture wearing, were quantified individually for each type of lesion using a diagnostic pattern based on the clinical aspects. Approximately 47% of the patients (n=37) presented some type of oral lesion. Candidiasis (28%) and periodontal disease (28%) were the most common, followed by cervical-facial lymphadenopathy (17.5%). Other lesions observed were hairy leukoplakia, melanin hyperpigmentation, ulcerative stomatitis (aphthous), herpes simplex, frictional keratosis and pyogenic granuloma. This analysis presented some relevance as to the statistical data. Concerning CD4+ cells, most lesions manifested with the reduction of the CD count. There were a larger number of HIV-positive female heterosexual patients. Alcohol and/or smoking were strongly associated with the occurrence of hairy leukoplakia in these patients. Candidiasis and periodontal disease were the most common oro-regional clinical manifestations in the patients.

Prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia and epithelial infection by Epstein-Barr virus in pregnant women and diabetes mellitus patients: cytopathologic and molecular study

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is generally reported in patients with severe immunosuppression, except for a few cases in individuals with moderate degree of immunodeficiency. It is a white lesion that appears mainly in the lateral border of the tongue, caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The nuclear changes caused by EBV (Cowdry A inclusion, ground glass and nuclear beading), observed in cytopathology, are specific and enough for the definitive diagnosis of OHL, independent of the identification of the virus. Here we investigated the prevalence of OHL and the presence of EBV-DNA in the lateral borders of the tongue from 90 pregnant women, 90 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, 30 healthy individuals (negative group) and 30 HIV+ with OHL (positive group). Smears were analyzed by cytopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A case of subclinical OHL and candidiasis was identificated in a DM patient by cytopathologic analysis. PCR results demonstrated EBV-DNA in 65 percent of the pregnant women, in 35 percent of DM patients, and in 20 percent of the healthy individuals. We concluded that DM patients can develop OHL with a low prevalence. Furthermore, the prevalence of the EBV in lateral border of the tongue is larger in pregnant women than in healthy individuals.

Prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia in 120 pediatric patients infected with HIV-1

A leucoplasia pilosa oral (OHL) é uma infecção oportunista causada pelo Vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV) encontrada em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. É uma lesão assintomática que tem um importante valor prognóstico na AIDS. Diferentemente de pacientes adultos, a OHL tem sido descrita na literatura como tendo uma prevalência muito pequena em pacientes pediátricos. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência da OHL em pacientes pediátricos positivos para o HIV através do uso da citopatologia. A amostra consistiu-se de 120 pacientes, que foram submetidos a exame oral e coleta de material de ambos os lados da língua. O critério diagnóstico foi baseado na identificação de alterações nucleares. A OHL clínica foi identificada em dois (1,67%) pacientes. A citopatologia revelou vinte casos (16,7%) de OHL subclínica. Nossos resultados mostram que a prevalência de OHL em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV deve ser maior que a relatada na literatura.

Prevalência de lesões orais na infecção por HIV em adultos e crianças / Prevalence of HIV related oral lesions in adults and children

Manifestações clínicas orais da Aids são comuns e podem ser o primeiro sinal da infecção por HIV. Elas constituem importante fator prognóstico, pois eu aparecimento indica evolução da doença. Após a introdução da terapia anti-retroviral combinada, foi observada uma redução da frequência dessas manifestações. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de lesões orais associadas ao HIV/Aids em adultos e crianças atendidos em um serviço de referência (HUAP/UFF). Nossos dados mostram que, apesar da redução na prevalência, essas lesões ainda são frequentes, evidenciando a necessidade de um exame intra-oral regular e criterioso para melhor acompanhar a infecção pelo HIV nesses pacientes

Oral and constitutional manifestations of HIV-infected hospital patients in Northern Vietnam.

This study reports clinical features, with emphasis on oral lesions and constitutional signs, of 170 patients in a regional hospital in northern Vietnam, of whom 56 were HIV positive. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) and oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) with HIV infection and late stage HIV disease. Late stage HIV disease was defined as WHO stage III or IV and/or a total lymphocyte count below 1200 cells/mm3. The 56 HIV positive patients included all patients with a positive HIV test between July 7th and September 9th 2002. A total of 114 HIV negative controls were included as well. All patients had a detailed medical history and examination as well as a thorough oral examination, which were all done without prior knowledge of the patient's HIV serostatus. HIV positive patients were then grouped according to WHO clinical stage and total lymphocyte count. Thirty-six patients (64.3%) out of 56 HIV positives were in WHO stage III+IV and 28 patients (50.0%) had a total lymphocyte count below 1200 cells/mm3. The presence of OPC, weight loss of more than 10% of body weight and/or chronic fever of more than one month's duration showed a significant association and high positive prediction with HIV infection, especially late stage HIV disease [all with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI > 1)]. The presence of OHL only showed a significant association with positive HIV serostatus and WHO stage III+IV. It can be concluded that in North Vietnam, HIV positive patients and patients suspected of having HIV infection would benefit from initial and repeat oral examinations. OPC, together with other signs of progressive infection (constitutional signs, such as weight loss and chronic fever) may serve as indicators for institution of prophylactic drugs against opportunistic infections and even antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, when available. However, further research is needed to demonstrate the role of OHL in HIV patients in North Vietnam.

Leucoplasia pilosa oral em uma criança com Aids: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Oral hairy leukoplakia in a child with Aids: case report and review of the literature

A leucoplasia pilosa oral (OHL) é uma lesão causada pelo vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV), ocorrendo com maior frequência em pacientes adultos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). No entanto, em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo vírus, a leucoplasia pilosa era é considerada uma lesão bastante rara. Logo, este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar mais um caso de OHL em paciente pediátrico.